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In English all nouns change their form to become plural (generally by ending with -s or -es). Nouns, in Chinese, never change their form. Chinese uses particles to modify words (characters) with the sentences.
We use -'s endings to indicate possession, like "Joe's car". In Chinese a character ("de") meaning "of" is used after the noun to show that it is owned by someone.
Here's a list of particles you will need to know:
de
Used to show possession, and in some places to indicate how much.
Wŏ shūo de hěn hăo. => I speak very well. (hěn is very, de emphasizes hěn)
le/liăo
Used to show a completed action. It can also be used to make a command. Ex. He has gone => Tā zŏu le.
zhe
Used to show that an action is continuing. Zhe is used after a verb.
zháo / dáo
Used to show completed action. This can be confusing because it is the same symbol as zhe. In most cases, dáo is interchangeable.
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